2021 |
Karabin, Marcin; Kitsakis, Dimitrios; Koeva, Mila; Navratil, Gerhard; Paasch, Jesper; Paulsson, Jenny; Vucic, Nikola; Janecka, Karel; Lisec, Anka 3D Cadastre in the Case of Engineering Objects, such as Bridges and Road Viaducts Inproceedings In: Kalogianni, Eftychia; Rahman, Alias Abdul; Oosterom, Peter (Ed.): 7th International FIG Workshop on 3D Cadastres, pp. 19–36, FIG (International Federation of Surveyors), Copenhagen, Denmark, 2021, ISBN: 978-87-92853-48-6, (talk: 7th International FIG Workshop on 3Đ Cadastres, New York, USA; 2021-10-11 -- 2021-10-13). Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: 3D cadastre, Bridges, Comparison, Registration @inproceedings{TUW-297799, At present, the implementation of cadastral registration of transport investments (such as railway lines on bridges and on viaducts, roads on viaducts, etc.) is performed in the so-called "layer" system. Tis means that many objects are constructed at different levels (layers) within the space of a given parcel. Several parties may be interested in developing certain fragments of the parcel space; each of them is interested in acquiring rights only to a specified part of the parcel (its specified layer), in which given investment is implemented by that party. The legal conditions binding in many countries do not allow for implementation of such type investments within the space of a someone else's cadastral parcels, based on the ownership right. Ŧhis is due to the fact, in accordance with the "superficies solo cedit" rule applicable in many EU countries, the ownership right extends above and below the parcel space and cadastral systems do not allow for vertical division of a real property. Ŧhe conventional 2D cadastre, which does not allow vertical division of the parcel space, forces an investor to buy a whole parcel or to get other rights which allows using a specified space of someone else's parcel, such as easement rights. Buying of an entire parcel in which space bridges and road viaducts investments will be performed and not being able to divide the land space vertically makes it practically impossible to sell the parcel under a viaduct because following the rule above the viaduct is part of the land parcel. Ŧherefore, the space is not optimally utilized. The easement right has some disadvantages, as it cannot be encumbered with a mortgage; therefore it is not the basis of crediting a given investment. The 3D cadastre allows delineating 3D parcels (from the space of existing 2D parcels) that cover specified fragments of the space and to relate ownership rights to those delineated fragments. Within a 3D cadastre system, such objects can be registered as separate cadastral objects. Ŧhis allows for the implementation of a line investment in the above-ground space in a flexible way, i.e. it is possible to get financing of an investment based on the mortgage charge of a 3D property and market transactions of the remaining space after delineation of the 3D parcel, covering the bridge or viaduct. This paper focuses on approaches to registration of real property rights in the case of engineering objects, such as bridges and road viaducts, in different EU countries: Austria, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Croatia, Greece, Poland, Slovenia and Sweden. The authors review the current solutions for the registration of engineering objects in the cadastre, including its effectiveness in ensuring appropriate property rights to construct and exploit such objects, and make a comparison between the countries. |
2020 |
Karabin, Marcin; Kitsakis, Dimitrios; Koeva, Mila; Navratil, Gerhard; Paasch, Jesper; Paulsson, Jenny; Vucic, Nikola; Janecka, Karel; Lisec, Anka Layer Approach to Ownership in 3D Cadastre in the Case of Underground Tunnels Journal Article In: Land Use Policy, vol. 98, no. November, 2020. Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: 3D cadastre, Layer Approach, Subway, Tunnel @article{TUW-290158, The paper focuses on approaches to the registration of real property rights in the case of underground or subway tunnels in different EU countries: Austria, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Croatia, Greece, Poland, Slovenia, and Sweden. The authors conducted analysis on the registration of rights to subway tunnels in the chosen countries, including its effectiveness in ensuring appropriate property rights to construct and exploit tunnels. Special attention was given to limitations related to the lack of legal provisions vertically dividing space, i.e. into layers, and referring to the ownership right to the layers. Benefits which might be achieved by the introduction of a 3D real property subdivision were pointed out. Ŧhe analysis of the available data concerning the geometry of subway tunnels in particular countries was presented. Ŧhe authors tried to answer the question whether the accessible data concerning the geometry of subway tunnels allows to generate a 3D geospatial model of a constructed object, and to specify the space which should be determined as a 3D parcel in the 3D real property cadastre, for the purpose of registering property rights for the object (the tunnel). |
2018 |
Kitsakis, Dimitrios; Paasch, Jesper; Paulsson, Jenny; Navratil, Gerhard; Vucic, Nikola; Karabin, Marcin; El-Mekawy, Mohamed; Koeva, Mila; Janecka, Karel; Erba, Diego; Alberdi, Ramiro; Kalantari, Mohsen; Yang, Zhixuan; Pouliot, Jacynthe; Roy, Francis; Montero, Monica; Alvarado, Adrian; Karki, Sudarshan Legal foundations Incollection In: van Oosterom, Peter (Ed.): Best Practices in 3D Cadastres, pp. 1–66, FIG (International Federation of Surveyors), Copenhagen, 2018, ISBN: 978-87-92853-64-6. Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: 3D cadastre, 3D real property, Land Administration, land management, legal framework @incollection{kitsakis18:1[TUW-268933], The concepts of three-dimensional (3D) real property have been the subject of increased interest in land use management and research since the late `90s. Literature provides various examples of extensive research towards 3D Cadastres as well as those that are already implementing 3D cadastral systems. However, in most countries the legal aspects of 3D real property and its incorporation into 3D cadastral systems have not been so rigorously examined. This paper compares and discusses 3D property concepts in 15 cadastral jurisdictions, based on the authors' national experience, covering Europe, North and Latin America, Middle East and Australia. Each of the legal system in these cadastral jurisdiction are based on different origins of Civil Law, including German, Napoleonic and Scandinavian Civil Law, which can prove useful to research in other Civil Law jurisdictions interested in introducing 3D cadastral systems. These jurisdictions are at different stages of introducing and implementing a 3D cadastral system. This contributes to the detection of the 3D real property concepts that apply as well as deficiencies that prohibit introduction of 3D cadastral systems, while highlighting challenges that may have not yet surfaced in individual jurisdictions. This paper aims to present the different legal concepts regarding 3D real property in the examined countries, focusing on the characteristic features of cadastral objects described as 3D within each country's legal and cadastral framework. The analysis of the case studies revealed that the countries are on different stages of 3D Cadastral implementation, starting from countries with operational 3D cadastral systems, to others where there is yet no interest in introducing a 3D cadastral system. This paper presents the nature of 3D cadastral objects in each country, as well as differences in the regulatory framework regarding definition, description and registration. The paper continues the legal workshop discussions of the 4th International Workshop on 3D Cadastres in Dubai 2014 by analysing the legal concepts of 3D cadastres in the above-mentioned countries. The outcome is an overview and discussion of existing concepts of 3D property describing their similarities and differences in use, focusing on the legal framework of 3D cadastres. The article concludes by presenting a possible way forward and identifies what further research is needed which can be used to draft national and international research proposals and form legislative amendments towards introduction of national 3D cadastral systems. |
Schwai, Marco; Navratil, Gerhard; Vollnhofer, Stefan Nutzung von Parifizierungsplänen für den Aufbau eines 3D-Katasters Inproceedings In: Strobl, Josef; Zagel, Bernhard; Griesebner, Gerald; Blaschke, Thomas (Ed.): Journal für Angewandte Geoinformatik, pp. 25–34, Wichmann, 2018, ISBN: 978-3-87907-647-5, (Vortrag: AGIT 2018, Salzburg; 2018-07-04 -- 2018-07-06). Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: 3D cadastre, Modellierung, Parifizierung @inproceedings{schwai18:25[TUW-270636], Dreidimensionale Modellierung wird immer wichtiger, da gerade in Stadtzentren immer mehr Prozesse in strukturierter Form auf begrenztem Raum untergebracht werden müssen. Die vertikale Staffelung von Prozessen, z. B. die Verlagerung von öffentlichem Verkehr in den Untergrund, schafft Raum um neue Prozesse unterbringen zu können. Voraussetzung für eine rechtssichere Realisierung ist jedoch die dreidimensionale Dokumentation von Rechten, also ein 3D-Kataster. Ein Problem bei der Schaffung eines solchen Systems ist die initiale Dokumentation, da bereits vertikal beschränkte Rechte definiert wurden, z. B. Rechte auf Untertunnelung oder Eigentumswohnungen. Im Beitrag wird untersucht, ob Parifizierungspläne herangezogen werden könnten um Wohnungseigentum für einen 3D-Kataster zu modellieren. |
2021 |
3D Cadastre in the Case of Engineering Objects, such as Bridges and Road Viaducts Inproceedings In: Kalogianni, Eftychia; Rahman, Alias Abdul; Oosterom, Peter (Ed.): 7th International FIG Workshop on 3D Cadastres, pp. 19–36, FIG (International Federation of Surveyors), Copenhagen, Denmark, 2021, ISBN: 978-87-92853-48-6, (talk: 7th International FIG Workshop on 3Đ Cadastres, New York, USA; 2021-10-11 -- 2021-10-13). |
2020 |
Layer Approach to Ownership in 3D Cadastre in the Case of Underground Tunnels Journal Article In: Land Use Policy, vol. 98, no. November, 2020. |
2018 |
Legal foundations Incollection In: van Oosterom, Peter (Ed.): Best Practices in 3D Cadastres, pp. 1–66, FIG (International Federation of Surveyors), Copenhagen, 2018, ISBN: 978-87-92853-64-6. |
Nutzung von Parifizierungsplänen für den Aufbau eines 3D-Katasters Inproceedings In: Strobl, Josef; Zagel, Bernhard; Griesebner, Gerald; Blaschke, Thomas (Ed.): Journal für Angewandte Geoinformatik, pp. 25–34, Wichmann, 2018, ISBN: 978-3-87907-647-5, (Vortrag: AGIT 2018, Salzburg; 2018-07-04 -- 2018-07-06). |